Implementation of TimeIndependentPDESolver.

- used variadic templates to avoid code bloat
- added execHost static method to avoid nvcc warnings

- separate data types for input arrays of binary operations
  (necessary for the equality comparison of two arrays of different
  type)
- added separate template parameter for ResultType, which defaults to
  the RealType
  (the goal is to allow sum of bool vectors into int instead of bool)

- Use math function from TNL/Math.h instead of the standard library
- Many cosmetic changes for readability

- The inherited operator= is weird, but this seems to work.
- Use TNL::pow instead of std::pow etc.

The splitting with if( std::is_same<...> ) is not perfect, the code for
all devices was always visible to the compiler, and irrelevant parts
were optimized out at a much later stage. To fix compilation for MIC and
custom data type, we need proper template specializations.

- Cleaned up unnecessary specializations of TNL::max and TNL::min
- Implemented result type promotion to fix compilation with nvcc
- Added TNL::sqrt, which will be necessary for MIC

It used to work everywhere, but the compilers on CentOS (on penny)
are weird...